Jenifer: 2012

Excitedly waiting to see the Northern Lights, or auroras, which will be caused when the particles from a new solar storm hit the atmosphere of the Earth.

Experts say that the radiation from the flare might influence radio transmission in the next few days. The solar flare is a part of the improved activity in the Sun that runs in circles of 11 years. The activity level if probable to peak around 2013.

It warned that there might be blackout of radio services until 31 December

Category G1 (Minor) geomagnetic storms are expected to arrive at the Earth between 29 and 31 December, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Space Weather Prediction Center.

A coronal mass expulsion from the sun contains billions of tons of gases bursting with X-rays and ultraviolet radiation and is around 100,000,001C hot. When the particles strike earth it creates an amazing scene for sky-watchers and astronomers

Facebook Adds over 60 New Applications with Auto-Share

Facebook added support for over 60 new applications on Wednesday with partners including Foodily, Ticketmaster, Pinterest and others, giving interested users the possibility to share more about their daily activities.

In addition to the familiar statuses that inform you what your friends have liked, Facebook is now supporting a range of applications that will tell you what they’re cooking, where they’re running and what they’re reading.

The applications are all set up to use the “frictionless sharing” function on the social network, meaning that users only have to give an application permission to share information once. After that, the application updates automatically to a user’s profile, hirring their friends know instantly what they may be eating, studying or listening to at any certain moment.

So now, as soon as you buy a concert ticket, your Ticketmaster application will let your friends know what you’ve buyed instantly.

The concept of frictionless sharing has already been introduced to Facebook users through apps published by companies such as Spotify and news reader applications from Yahoo News, The Wall Street Journal.

In a company blog post posted Wednesday, Facebook’s director of platform Cal Sjogreen said that users can immediately start adding applications to their timelines.

He also assured that there are more announcements to come.

“Soon, there will be applications for all types of interests, as more applications will initiate over time. Whether you love snowboarding, gardening, hiking, or knitting, or something extra, there will be an app for you

Sunday, 29 January 2012

Civic Survey

The civic or town survey is conducted with special reference to the conditions prevailing in and around the town to be planned. The topics which are usually covered in the civic survey are as follow:

· Communication Amenities:

The means of communication such as roads, railways and waterways are studied togather with their inter-relationship. A study of the characteristics of traffic and its density also made.

· Contour:

The study of contours of the area helps in deciding the gradients of roads, location of waterworks and sewage plants, etc. the information regarding contour of the area is also utilized in the location of public building which require commanding sites and of airport which required a leveled ground.

· Existing land use and land values:

It includes the study of agricultural lands, residential and commercial areas, parks, open spaces, location of airports etc. it also help in deciding the amount of betterment charges and in getting an overall picture of the financial implications or liabilities in planning a town.

· Historical background:

It includes the study of general historical development of the town, present policy of administration, physical and social aspects of the area, etc.

· Housing:

The characteristics of houses, distribution and reaction of people to houses, etc. are studied

· Industries:

The character, distribution, types and special requirements of the local industries are studied.

· Population:

It includes the study of the present and future population to be served by the town planning scheme, family structure, density of population, migration tendensies etc.

· Preservation of natural features:

The buildings, open spaces and spots of the natural beauty, which are ato be preserved, are considered.

· Public buildings:

It includes the study of buildings to be used by common people.

· Public health:

A study is made of the general health of inhabitants, death rate, causes of special diseases etc.

· Public services:

A study of public services such as water supply, sewerage, telephone, gas, electricity, etc. is made

· Topography :

The topography of the area is studied with refrence to clmatic conditions, location of rivers and streams, etc

Saturday, 28 January 2012

Planning of the Modern Town

Planning of the Modern Town

The procedure for preparing the outline plan of the modern town depends on skills, training and imagination of the town planner. A proper combination of function and site would result in the formation of a successful modern town.

The usual features which involve in the plan of modern town are as follow:

o Spaces for residence, commerce and industry

o Communication system

o Parks and playgrounds

o Public utility services

o Neighborhood structures, and

o Public buildings

The spaces to be allotted for various features can be studied from the study of existing towns or they can be suitably judged from the experience of the town planner. In the beginning, the town planner prepares the outline plane accommodating the above features and if necessary, one or more alternatives are also prepared and then, by trial and error a combination giving maximum benefit of site with the faction or functions of town adopted

The impotent points to be remembered in the planning of modern town are as follow:

o The provision of various public utilities should be liberal to meet with future requirements.

o The road system should be well designed after careful considerations and it should be able to develop a good bond between different zones of the town.

o Enough provision should be made in outline plan for parks, playgrounds and recreation centers.

o The industrial area should be properly located and provision of facilities required for the same should be made.

o Extreme care should be taken for the planning of residential area and amenities such as school, local shops etc.

o The public buildings should be located in such a way that favorable impression is developed on the visitors.

o The study of existing railway line will help in finalizing the location of main railway station for the town.

o The natural features of the site should be preserved and maximum advantage should be taken of such features for public enjoyment.

After this the outline plan finalized, the detailed planning of various area of the town is carried out.

The urban planner at present is facing with problems of designing new towns and cities to meet rapidly changing life styles of society.

Principles of Planning Town

Principles of Planning Town

The subject of town planning demands the knowledge of various professions, especially those of engineering, architecture and surveying. The town should not be design only to satisfy the needs of future generation. But the probable growth and development of the town should be suitably conceived by the town planner and it should be seen that the town does not develop in a haphazard fashion.

Some of the guideline principles of the town planning are as follow:

· Green belt

· Housing

· Public buildings

· Recreation centers

· Road systems

· Transport facilities

· Zoning

· Green belt:

The provision of green belt on the periphery of the town results in limitation of its size and hence, final size of the town can well be anticipated.

· Housing:

Extreme care should be taken to provide housing accommodation to various categories of the people. It should be observed that there is no development of slum and further, if slums are existing, they are cleared by the provision of some alternative arrangement.

· Public buildings:

There should be a well-balanced grouping and distribution of various public buildings throughout the town. The unnecessary concentration of public buildings at the certain spot of the town should be avoided.

· Recreation centers:

Depending upon the size of town, enough space should be reserved for the development as recreation centers for the general public.

· Road system:

The efficiency of the town is measured by the layout of its road system. A nicely designed road system puts a great impression in the minds of people especially the visitors to the town. The provision of faulty road system in the initial stages of the town formation proves to be too difficult and costly to repair or to re-arrange in future.

· Transport facilities:

The town should be provided with suitable transport facilities so that there is minimum loss of time from place of work to the place of residence.

· Zoning:

The town should be divided in suitable zones such as commercial zone, industrial zone, residential zone etc. and suitable rules and regulation should be formed for the development of each zone.

Thursday, 26 January 2012

Town Planning

Town planning:

“Town planning is the planning and design of all new buildings, roads and parks in order to make them attractive and convenient for people who live there”.

Objects of town planning:

The four essential objects of town planning are beauty, convenience, environment and health.

1) Beauty:

The object of beauty is achieved by taking the most possible advantages of the natural conditions surrounding the town and also by giving the architectural finishes to the various components of town. it also include the preservation of trees, natural greenery. architectural control on public as well as semi-public buildings, ancient architectural buildings, temples, churches, mosques, buildings of cultural and historical significance, etc

2) Convenience:

The object of convenience is understood in the form of various economic, social and recreational amenities to be given to the public. These amenities include cheap power and electricity, proper sites for industrial units, transport facilities, adequate power supply, easy disposal of sewage and industrial waste, facilities to commercial units, ets. The recreational amenities include open spaces, parks, town halls, playgrounds, cinema houses, community centers, stadiums, est.

3) Environment:

The object of environment is important in the sense that environment should be moulded in such a way that man can go about his normal activities with the least amount of strain. The complex problems of the modern society such as tiresome travel to work, long hours of work, limited time spent within the community etc. have gradually led toward serious mal-adjustments between the human being and the type of life he had to live .town planning is mainly concerned with bringing about a better relationship between man and his environment.

4) Health:

The object of health is accommodated in town planning scheme by making right use of land for right purpose. By providing parks and playgrounds for the public. By maintaining the pollution at lowest possible degree, etc it is achieved by dividing the land into zones such as residential, commercial etc.

It is however, necessary for the town planner to maintain a proper balance between the four objects mentioned above.

Monday, 23 January 2012

Collection, Transfer & Transportation of Solid Waste

Collection Methods

Collection methods it includes pickup from storage units and hauled it into disposal sites or transfer station or for further processing

Two types of system are used

· Hauled system

· Stationary system

Other are

· Tractor trolley

· Open body cart

· Animal cart

Transfer of solid waste

Solid waste collector is small vehicle is to transfer waste into large vehicles,

Transfer satiations are needed when disposal sites are at long distances and vehicles are small in size.

Transfer station should be located to avoid public inconvenience and environmental degradation

Transportation of solid waste

Transport of the wastes, usually over long distances, to a processing or disposal site.

Waste Management can transport solid waste through a variety of transportation modes from traditional front-end and roll-off containers to compactor and residential collection service.
Types and kinds of transportation for solid waste:

Dump trucks for contaminated soils
Tankers and vacuum trucks for liquid and semi-solid waste
Intermodal and gondola railroad transport for containerized waste and contaminated soils
Live floor trailers for compacted or top loaded solid waste
Flatbeds and dry van trailers for drum handling
Container and roll off chassis

Transportation equipment

The size, type and amount of equipment required at sanitary land fill depend on the size and method of operation

The most common equipment used in sanitary land fill is

· Rubber-tired front and roller

· Crawler tractor

· Front end loader

· Motor grader

· Earth remover (scraper)

· Drag line

· Steel wheeled compactor

Recycling of solid waste

Recycling of solid waste

Recycling is widely practiced by the informal sector "waste pickers" or by the solid waste management staff themselves for extra income. Collection of recyclable waste is done in several steps such as households (door to door collection), transfer stations and even in the disposal sites. Such work is done in a very labor-intensive and unsafe way, and for very low incomes.

Recovered and recyclable products then enter a chain of dealers, or processing before they are finally sold to manufacturing enterprises. The main items that are recycled include soft and hard plastics, glass, steel, paper, cardboard, aluminum and alloys etc. In Bhutan, around 20% of the collected wastes are sent for recycling.

Reuse of Solid Waste

· Beneficial reuse options apply to industrial, commercial, and institutional generators and users of solid by-products (waste) and sanitary landfills utilizing alternative cover material.

· Reuse is available to solid by-products that are being disposed of as solid waste in an Iowa landfill, and that meet certain requirements as described in this summary.

· Utilization of solid by-products as resources when such use improves, or at a minimum does not adversely affect, human health and the environment is economically beneficial to both the generator of the waste and the end user.

· Reuse also decreases the amount of solid waste entering Iowa’s landfills.

· Issuance of a beneficial use determination relieves the generator and user of Iowa solid waste requirements including: rules, sanitary disposal permits, and permit conditions.

Operating System

An operating system is an integrated set of programs that is used to manage the various resources and overall operation of a computer system. It is designed to support the activities of a computer installation. Its prime objective is to improve the performance and efficiency if a computer system and increase facility and ease with which system can be used. It also makes the computer system user friendly. MS Windows is the name of a popular operating system that is used on many of today’s computers. When you start a computer the operating system is loaded or copied into memory from the computer’s hard disk. It remain in memory while the computer is running and allows you to communicate with the computer and other software

Other popular operating system includes the Disk Operating System (DOS), Windows, Macintosh System (Mac. OS) from Apple computer, Inc., OS/2 Warp from IBM, and UNIX and its variation, such as Linux etc

Microsoft Word & Features

What is Microsoft Word & Features

Microsoft Word is beautiful application software provided by Microsoft Corporation in order to prepare your official documents and also to design comprehensive reports.

Uses

There are many uses of Ms Word such as indenting navigating in the document, selecting information and moving and copying text. Special features help your create, edit, save and print the written documents and entire information more quickly, such as the Letter Wizard, Templates, Auto Complete, Auto Correct and Auto Text. It is used to

Main Features

Microsoft Word is the most powerful and useful word processing tools. The salient features of MS Word are as follows:

· It helps us to maintain our documents in presentable formats.

· It provides us a wide range of fonts and formats for characters, paragraphs borders and lines, etc.

· User can make their custom format styles instead of using the built in styles.

· It provides us the track of all the activities, which we perform here. The option helps the user to cancel or repeat any specific action performed.

· MS Word provides us Spelling and Grammar option in order to avoid spelling and grammatical mistakes in any document.

· User can arrange the data in tabular or sequential from by using the Table option.

· It is highly compatible with all other office application software.

· It facilitates the user to import and export the information to and from the internet.

· User can avail the facility of adding pictures and other graphical images to enhance the outlook of any document.

· User can work on more than on document simultaneously.

Microsoft Excel & Features

Microsoft Excel &Features

Microsoft Excel & Features

Microsoft Word is beautiful application software provided by Microsoft Corporation in order to provide ease in performing the daily office tasks by using the latest technology of spreadsheets.

Uses

It is a group of values and other data organized into rows and columns, similar to the ruled paper worksheets traditionally used by bookkeepers and accountants. Ms Excel is a type of application software used to create computerized spreadsheets. Advantage of using a computerized spreadsheet includes the ability to save, modify, retrieve, and print the spreadsheet as often as necessary. Because spreadsheet tends to contain a great deal of numbers and mathematical calculations, however there is further benefit, the computer’s mathematically ability and tremendous speed. There characteristics allow a spreadsheet to contain numeric formulas that the computer will compute and keep up to data as data in the spreadsheet changes. This tremendously improves accuracy of the spreadsheet and saves the user form manually recomputing and then reentering values into the spreadsheet as data changes.

Main Features

MS Excel is one of the best spreadsheet application software of the world. There are number of reasons, due to which this is the first choice in office works.

It provides us with a wide range of functional sheets and cells.
Sheets of MS excel are composed of thousands of rows and hundreds of columns.
The main features of database are available here. So, one can use it manipulate with records of some table.
User can format each and every cell or a range of cells in different desired ways.
User can make their custom format styles instead of using the built in styles.
A wide range of formatting is available for numbers, alignments, fonts, borders and shading etc.
Spelling and Grammar option is available to avoid spelling and grammatical mistakes.
Excel’s spreadsheet is compatible with all other office suite.
In facilitates the users to import and export the information to and form different software as well as internet.
Different built in formulae and functions are available for Mathematical, Statistical and Accounting problems.
User can present the statistics in graphical form with the help of chatty option.
A wide range of data analysis option is available to facilitate the users in different calculation and report making tasks.

Window XP Professional & Features

Window XP Professional & Features

Window XP is one of such operating system and is a part of the Ms Windows family that includes Windows 98, Windows 2000 etc. Windows XP looks very much like windows 98, but it includes significant improvement compared to window 98. Window XP is advanced formed of window 2000, combined with Windows NT Technology with the Windows 98 graphical user interface, window XP is high performance secure network client computer and corporate desktop operating system that include the best feature of MS Windows 98.

As you gather form the name, the Windows XP environment is heavily focused on a window, which is rectangular areas in the screen, that present information.

You open windows when you need and close when you don’t need them. Individual window can be resized and moved around the screen.

Windows XP use small graphical pictures called ICONS on the desktop to represent objects such as documents, application, folders, devices and other computers.

Icons often also have text labels to help make their purpose a bit clear. If you move the mouse over an object on the desktop or in a window and click a right mouse button, Windows XP display a menu with the objects common commands. Many Windows application use this same convention called a CONTEXT MENU or RIGHT CLICK MENU.

Its main features and System

Window XP is one of the widely used operating system in the world. It provides the facility to develop and deploy serves more quickly with the help of wizards. In Windows XP environment, computers on the network can be configured more swiftly. It is very easy for the system administrator to manage this kind of network. It provides centralized management services to manage the network. The main features of Window CP are as follows.

· Windows XP provides latest hardware technologies and peripheral support including multimedia devices, wireless devices, smart card and many more.

· It provides the services to work with printer, storage devices and other hardware application installation.

· Windows file protection, protects system file form being over written by application installation.

· It ensures that non-certified drives cannot be installed, which protects your system form malfunctioning.

· The internet technologies in Window XP, let computers to connect with each other, share information, without compromising confidential data.

· It provides service to build and manage internal networks and expand operation onto internet.

· Windows XP has a strong development platform support for Dynamic HTML behaviors and XML

· Stand by turns off your computer and monitor after a pre-determined time, while retaining your desktop on disk.

· Offline viewing makes entire Web pages with graphics available for viewing offline. Synchronization Manager allows you to compare and update your offline files and folders with those on the network.

· Smart Battery gives you’re a more accurate view of your battery’s life, enabling you to reduce power to specific functions to extend your battery’s power.

· Setup Manage provides a graphical wizard that guides administrators in designing installation application.

· Window XP offers 50 percent faster performance than Windows 95 or Windows 98.

· Windows XP can support up to 4 GB of RAM and two symmetric multiprocessors

Sunday, 22 January 2012

Computer Language

High Level Language

High level language enables the programmer to write instructions using English works and familiar mathematical symbols. So it becomes easier for him to concentrate in the logic of his problem rather than getting involved in programming details. High level language is basically symbolic language that uses English words. Every instruction which the programmer writes in a high level language is translated into many machine language instructions. This is one to many translations and nor one to one as in the case of assembly language. Example of high level language are C, C++, COBAL, PASCAL and FORTRAN etc.

Low Level Language

Although computer can be programmed to understand many different computer languages, there is only language understood by the computer without using translation program. This language is called the low level or machine language or the machine code of the computer. Machine code is fundamental language of computer and is normally written as string of binary 1s and 0s. This circuitry if a computer is wired in such a way that it immediately recognizes the machine language and converts or onto the electrical signals needed to run the computer, the computer can execute program written in machine language very fast. This is mainly because the CPU directly understands machine instruction and no translation of the program is required.

Procedural Language

The introduction of more user-friendly programming language resulted in a quantum leap in programmer convenience. Programmers could write a single instruction instead of several cumbersome machine language instructions. These early language were PL, which requires programmers to solve programming problems using traditional programming logic. Programmer’s code or instructions were written in the sequence in which they must execute to solve the problem.

Object Oriented Language

In procedural language the emphasis is on what is done. In object oriented language programming makes program easier to design and understand. Also OOP (object oriented programming) handles images, videos and sound better than procedural language do. Example pf OBL includes Smalltalk, JAVA and C++.

Data Base Query Language

These languages are based in specific kind of database called a relational database. Many database management programs in today’s computer world claim to be relational but actually are not. In order for a database management program to truly use Structured Query Language (SQL) it must follow the relational model very closely.

System Software and Application Software

System Software

System software consists of programs that control the operations of the computer and its devices, serves as the interface between user and the computer’ hardware. These programs do not solve specific problems. They are general programs written to assist humans in the use of computer system by performing tasks such as controlling all operations required to move data into and out of computer and all the steps in executing and application programs. Three types of system software are the operating system, compiler and interpreters etc

Application Software

Application includes the entire program to perform certain specific tasks on a computer, such as writing a letter, preparing an invoice, viewing a web page, listening to an MP3 file, checking the inventory of a particular product, playing a game, preparing financial statements, and so forth.

INFORMATION ABOUT COMPUTER

Computer?

The computer is derived from the word compute which means to calculate. So computer is normally considered to be a calculating device that can perform arithmetic and logical operations at very fast speed.

A computer is an electronic device that accepts data, process it and give results after that processing.

CPU?

The central processing unit is also sometimes called processor, consists of a variety of circuitry and components packaged together and plugged directly into the motherboard. The CPU often referred to as a microprocessor when talking about PCs does the vast majority of the processing for a computer. It is also called brain of the computer.

RAM?

RAM the computer system’s main memory is used to store the essential parts of the operating system while the computers is running. RAM is that specific area inside a computer unit, in which all programs and data must reside before the execution of program or manipulation of data. It is read and writes memory, enables data to be both read and written on the memory. With no mechanical movement data can be accessed from RAM at electronic speed or close to the speed of light. The most commonly technologies are Dynamic RAM (DRAM) and static RAM (SRAM).

Compiler?

A compiler translates an entire program into machine language before executing it. Each complier-oriented language requires its own special compiler. For instance, a COCOL program needs a COBOL compiler; it cannot be converted into object code using a BASIC language.

Normally before the objects modules the CPU needs to process the program

Data Processing?

Data processing refers to operation carried out a data to convert it into useful information. Data processing includes not only numerical calculations but also operations such as the classification of data and transmission of data from one place to another e.g.

In fact data processing is putting facts and figure into a form that is useful. It spans almost over all human activities, data processing is for example,

Finding how much gas mileage we are getting form new car.

Figuring out income tax of any business.

Budgeting out expanses for next month.

Bus Topology?

This is a computer network that permits the connection of terminals, peripheral devices and microcomputers along an open ended central cable which is called bus. The term bus is used because people on a bus ca get off at any stop along the route. Coaxial cable and BNC (British Naval Connector) is used in this topology. A device wanting to communicate with another device on the network will broadcast message on the network and all the devices can receive message whose address is with the message.

Advantages

It is easy to understand.

Bus topology is simple and it is easy to connect additional terminals to this kind of network.

This is the best topology for connecting the devices, which are close to one another.

Disadvantages

If there is any error in the network, it cannot easily be detected.

Chances of data collision are very high due to devices.

Star Topology?

The star topology is the oldest topology for computer networks; it is a computer network that involves a centralized host computer connected to a number of smaller computer systems with a central device called hub or switch. The smaller computer systems communicate with one another through their central device and usually share the host computer’s resources. Any computer can communicate with any other computer in the network. Twisted pair cable and RJ-45 connector is used in this topology.

Advantages

If any terminal becomes defective, it does not affect any other terminal of this network.

The central computer controls the flow of the data.

There is no chance of data collision in star topology.

Disadvantages

This type of topology is expensive because each terminal is connected with a separate cable.

If the central device is shutdown, the whole network will suffer.

Ring Topology?

In this topology every device has exactly two neighbors. All messages travel through a ring in the same direction. A failure in any cable segment or device breaks the loop and can take down the entire network. Token passing scheme is used in this topology. Only one token is available on the network. When a node wants to transmit data it will capture the token and then transmit data, in this way only one device can transmit data at a time. Twisted pair cable and RJ-45 connector is used.

Advantages

It the central computer fails, any other computer can be made central computer.

There are no chances of data collision in these types of topology.

Disadvantages

If one of the terminals becomes defective, it affects the whole network.

It is difficult to troubleshoot the ring topology.

WWW?

The World Wide Web is a collection of documents called Web pages, available through the internet. The web pages files are located on computers that are continually connected to the internet so they can be accessed at any time by anyone with a computer and an internet connection.

Web pages today contain text, graphics, sound, video, three-dimension virtual reality (VR) and more, web pages connected by hyperlinks when clicked with the mouse, display other pages.

Internet?

The internet is the largest and most well know computer network in the world. It is technically a network of networks, since it is comprised of thousand of networks that can all access each other via the main backbone infrastructure of the internet. Typically, individuals connect to the internet through their internet service providers (ISPs) companies who provide internet access, usually for a fee.

E-Commerce?

The term e-commerce is used to describe the performing financial transaction online. Although implemented today most commonly via the internet, e-commerce has been performed for years via private networks, such as electronic funds transfers by banks.

The benefits of e-commerce to businesses include reduced costs, increased customers, satisfaction, more effective management tools, and potentially higher sales.

ISP?

Internet service providers often called service providers or access providers are business or other organizations that provide internet access to others, typically for a fee. Communication and media companies, such as conventional and wireless telephone companies and vale and satellite TV providers, typically offer internet service over their respective media.

USB?

One of the more versatile new bus architectures in recent years is the Universal Serial Bus. The USB standard enables up to 127 devices to be connected to a computer’s PCI bus through a single port on the computer’s system unit. At 1.5MBps, the original ISB standard transmitted data at a much slower than both PCI and AGP. The newer USB 2 standard supports data transfer rates of 60MBps still slower than PCI and AGP, but the convenience and universal supports of USB have made it one of the most widely used standards for peripherals today.

Operating System?

Software?

Computer software refers to a collective set of instruction called programs that can be interpreted by a computer and cannot be touched by the humans. The program causes the computer to perform desired function such as flight simulation (a computer game), the generation of business graphics or word processing. Following are the basic types of software

System Software

Application Software

Utility Programs

High Level Language?

Low Level Language?

Window XP?

Microsoft Excel?

Microsoft Word?

It is software that refers to using a computer and word processing software to create, edit, save and print written documents such as letters, legal contracts, manuscripts, news latter and reports. At its most basic level MS word is used to do what was done on a typewriter before computer was commonplace. More complex word processing documents include content that was not possible to create with typewriter, such as photos and other types of graphics, hyperlinks, video clips, and text in a variety of sizes and appearance. One of the greatest advantages of word processing that you can make changes without retyping the whole document.

Web Browser?

To view Web Pages, you need a web browser program. The most common browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator and Fire Fox. Although originally designed to display web pages, many browsers can also be used for other internet applications, such as sending and receiving e-mail and downloading files. Instead of using conventional browsers, handled PCs and mobile devices use browsers called microbrewers.

Search Engine?

Search engine a special software program in conjunction with huge data base of information about web pages to help vision find web pages that contain the information that they are seeking. These databases are usually updated automatically on a regular basis although some use human editors to manually classify the web pages according to contents.

Computer Network?

Computer network is of a collection of computer and other hardware devices connected together so that network users can share hardware, software and data as well as electronically communicate with each others. Networks are widely used in both homes and business today.

The data transmitted over a network has specific characteristics and it can travel over network in various ways. Network devices communicate either through a wired communication via physical cables or by wireless communication typically through radio signals.

Mother Board?

The circuit board is a thin board containing chips, very small pieces of silicon or other semi-conducting material onto which integrated circuits are embedded and other electronic components. The main circuit board inside the system unit is called motherboard or system board, all devices used with a computer need to be connected in one way or another to the motherboard.